CBSE Class 12 Biology Board Exam 2018: Most Important Topics

Flower structure

Development of male and female gametophytes

Pollination-types, agencies and examples

Outbreeding devices

Pollen-pistil interaction

Double fertilization

Post fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo

Development of seed and formation of fruit

Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony

Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation

Male and female reproductive systems

Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary

Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis

Menstrual cycle: fertilization, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation

Pregnancy and placenta formation

Parturition

Lactation

Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Birth control – need and methods

Contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)

Amniocentesis

Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT

Heredity and Variation: Mendelian inheritance

Deviations from mendelism - incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy

Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Chromosomes and genes

Sex determination - in humans, birds, honey bee

Linkage and crossing over

Sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness

Mendelian disorder in humans - thalassemia

Chromosomal disorders in humans

Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material

Structure of DNA and RNA

DNA packaging & DNA replication

Central dogma transcription, genetic code, translation

Gene expression and regulation - lac operon

Genome and human and rice ganeome project

DNA fingerprinting

Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence)

Darwin's contribution

Modern synthetic theory of evolution

Mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples

Types of natural selection

Gene flow and genetic drift

Hardy - Weinberg's principle

Adaptive Radiation

Human evolution

Pathogens: parasites causing human diseases and their control

Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines: cancer, HIV and AIDs

Adolescene

Drug and alcohol abuse

Improvement in food production

Plant breeding

Tissue culture

Single cell protein

Biofortification

Apiculature and Animal husbandry

Household food processing

Industrial production

Sewage treatment

Energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers

Antibiotics - production and judicious use

Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). 

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture

Human insulin and vaccine production

Stem cell technology

Gene therapy

Genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic Animals; biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents

Organisms and environment

Habitat and niche

Population and ecological adaptations

Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism

Population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution

Ecosystems: Patterns, components

Productivity and decomposition

Energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy

Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous)

Ecological succession

Ecological services - carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release

Concept of biodiversity

Patterns of biodiversity

Biodiversity conservation

Hotspots

Endangered organisms

Red Data Book

Biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites

Air pollution and its control

Water pollution and its control

Agrochemicals and their effects

Solid waste management

Radioactive waste management

Greenhouse effect and climate change

Ozone layer depletion