CBSE Class 12th Biology Syllabus 2025-26: The 12th class curriculum for 2025–2026 was made available by the CBSE Board. The curriculum for CBSE Class 12 Biology 2025–2026 is available for students to review in the table below. The curriculum for Biology has not been altered. A thorough explanation of the chapters, divisions, and topics studied in the 2025–2026 academic year is given in the syllabus. It contains the course outline, project work proposals, assessment criteria, and much more.
The syllabus outlines the subjects, chapters, and units that make up the session's curriculum, which students will study. The PDF can be downloaded by students using the link below. They can download it and save it for later use. The project assignment and the theory paper make up the two parts of the CBSE Class 12 Biology syllabus.
Check: CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26
CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26: Key Highlights
| Overview | Details |
| Board Name: | Central Board of Secondary Examination |
| Class: | 12 |
| Subject: | Biology |
| Subject Code: | 044 |
| Total Marks: | 100 |
| Theory Marks: | 70 |
| Project Marks: | 30 |
| Exam Duration: | 3 Hours |
| Total Sections: | 2 Sections (Theory & Internal) |
CBSE Class 12 Biology: Detailed Syllabus 2025-26
There will be two papers in the subject:
- Theory: 70 marks
- Internal Assignment : 30 marks
Look at the table below to get the detailed information about the topics to be covered in Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26
| Unit-VI Reproduction |
| Chapter-1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation. Chapter-2: Human Reproduction Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea). Chapter-3: Reproductive Health Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness). |
| Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution |
| Chapter-4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes. Chapter-5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting. Chapter-6: Evolution Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy- Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution. |
| Unit-VIII: Biology and Human Welfare |
| Chapter-7: Human Health and Diseases Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse. Chapter-8: Microbes in Human Welfare Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use. |
| Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications |
| Chapter-9: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). 11 Chapter-10: Biotechnology and its Applications Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents. |
| Unit-X Ecology and Environment |
| Chapter-11: Organisms and Populations Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Chapter-12: Ecosystem Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy. Chapter-13: Biodiversity and its Conservation Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites. |
Class 12 Biology CBSE: Subject-wise Marks Distribution
Students should check the below table to know the Subject Wise marks distribution of CBSE 2025-26 academic year subject Biology Class 12:
| Sl. No. | Subject | Marks |
| 1. | Reproduction | 16 |
| 2. | Genetics and Evolution | 20 |
| 3. | Biology and Human Welfare | 12 |
| 4. | Biotechnology and its Applications | 12 |
| 5. | Ecology and Environment | 10 |
| Total | 70 |
Practical Evaluation Scheme for Class 12 Biology 2025-26
The practical test will take three hours to complete and carry a total of thirty marks. For a better understanding, students can locate the practical exam evaluation scheme below:
| Evaluation Scheme for Examination | Marks |
| One Major Experiment | 5 Marks |
| One Minor Experiment | 4 Marks |
| Slide Preparation | 5 Marks |
| Spotting | 7 Marks |
| Practical Record + Viva Voce | 4 Marks |
| Investigatory Project and its Project Record + Viva Voce | 5 Marks |
| Total | 30 Marks |
Class 12 CBSE Biology 2025-26: Practical Syllabus
List of Experiments
- Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
- Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
- Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
- Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
- Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, banana etc.
Study and observe the following (Spotting):
- Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
- Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.
- Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
- Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
- T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
- Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
- Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness.
- Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging and bagging.
- Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
- Models specimens showing symbiotic association in lichens, root nodules of leguminous plants, and parasitic mode of nutrition shown by Cuscuta on host.
- Flash cards / models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs
To download the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26, click on the link below
Download CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-2026 PDF |
Prescribed Books for Biology Class 12
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Biology, Class-XII, Published by NCERT.
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Other related books and manuals brought out by NCERT (consider multimedia also).
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Biology Supplementary Material (Revised). Available on CBSE website.
CBSE Class 12 Biology (044) Question Paper Design 2025-26
| Sl. No. | Domains | Total Marks |
| 1. | Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding | 50% |
| 2. | Application of Knowledge / Concepts | 30% |
| 3. | Analyse, Evaluate and Create | 20% |
Note:
- Typology of questions: VSA including MCQs, Assertion – Reasoning type questions; SA; LA-I; LA-II; Source-based/ Case-based/ Passage-based/ Integrated assessment questions.
- An internal choice of approximately 33% would be provided.
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