For the Civil Services aspirants the available NIOS readings are much important. The NIOS textbooks contain precise study material available in all major subjects like History, Geography, Political Science, Economy, Accountancy, Business Studies, Law, Sociology Psychology, Environment and Ecology etc. The IAS aspirants need to prefer such textbooks which required less time to cover the whole UPSC IAS syllabus. NIOS textbooks are equally important for UPSC IAS Prelims Exam as well as for IAS Mains Exam.
Module I: Foundations of Psychology
Psychology: Understanding Self and Others
We often experience moods of anger and joy. We do have remarkable ability to learn and memorize poems, stories and events. We often notice powerful effect of leaders on the behaviour of followers.
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How Psychologists Study?
In the previous lesson you have learnt about the nature of psychology, what psychologists do, different branches of psychology, etc. Now you can well understand the important place which psychology has acquired among various disciplines.
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Biological and Cultural Shaping of Mind and Behaviour
We often wonder how do we behave in a wide variety of ways. Sometimes we feel happy; sometimes sad. The equipment with which we are born – the brain, nervous system and sensory – motor system is central to the functioning of organism.
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Becoming Aware of the World Around Us
Human beings and animals are able to know the world around them, hear sounds, taste various types of foods, smell different fragrances, feel the warm and cold climate outside, and feel the pain when hurt.
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Attention and Perception
When you walk through a busy street, a large number of stimuli bombard your sense organs, but you can take in and use only a very small number of stimuli. For example, a number of people cris-cross each other wearing different colour dresses, cars and buses pass through on the nearby road, shops and buildings also attract your attention.
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Module II: Key Psychological Processes
Learning Process and Acquiring Skills
Have you seen a newly born child able to walk, talk, feed or dress by herself or himself? The mother feeds and dresses the child and gradually teaches to walk and talk. But you can do all of the above actions yourself.
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Remembering and Forgetting
In our everyday life almost all activities in one or the other way deal with memory. Loss of memory means loss of one’s self. Learning will make no sense if it is not retained by the person.
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Going Beyond the Reality: Thinking and Reasoning
Suppose, you are going to the airport to pick up your friend. Before you leave home, you will decide what route you will be following. You may not follow the shortest route because it will be a rush hour and you may have to face traffic jams at several places.
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Motivation
When you come from school, you feel hungry and want to eat something. You want to eat because there is a force which compels you to have food. Likewise if a question is asked why do you want to join a college?
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Emotions
When we meet our friend after a long time we feel happy; when a baby clings to her mother she displays love, when we are praised by our parents or teachers we feel proud of ourselves
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Module III: Developmental Processes
Development: Its Nature
Have you ever thought why a child behaves in a different way as compared to an adult or why there is a difference in their physical appearance? We are usually not aware of the fact that we are constantly changing.
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We all must have been playing and running a lot, whereas, now as grownups, we mature in our activities and also behave in a different manner. In the family we can see that our parents behave differently because they are more mature than us.
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Each one of us passes through a particular stage in life when we are caught unaware by the sudden changes in our body or when our elders do not let off go a single change to say that you’re grown up but not grown enough to take decisions.
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Adulthood and Aging
These and many more questions come to our mind every day. Our lives are becoming more complex day by day. We now have several options to choose from along the way.
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Understanding Individual Differences: The case of Intelligence
Think about any characteristic of people around you and you will immediately notice that they differ from each other. They differ not only in bodily features like height, skin colour, weight, vision and hearing ability etc. but also in the psychological attributes.
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Module IV: Self and Personality
What is Self?
Self is focus of our everyday behaviour and all of us do have a set of perceptions and beliefs about ourselves. This kind of self concept plays important role in motivating us and organizing our behaviours.
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Self and Psychological Processes
As people grow they develop their own concept of self which determine how they relate to others and perform the various activities. Our self concept, however, does not remain constant; rather it changes during the different stages of life.
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Personality Theories
Every one of us shares many things with others. However, apart from commonalities we also find that people are different in the way they appear and behave. The study of personality deals with the issue of human individuality.
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Personality Assessment
In the previous lesson, you learnt about different theories of personality. These were the psychoanalytic, trait, social-cognitive, humanistic and the Indian approach to personality, based on gunas.
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Psychological Disorder
Feeling happy, or crying when one is hurt, are some common actions which we all engage in some time or the other. Most of the time we act as the situation demands us to, that is, we control our emotions and behaviours according to the norm prevalent in the society.
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Module V: Social and Applied Psychology
Group Processes
Human life primarily depends on various kinds of groups. After we are born we remain dependent upon fellow human beings to achieve various goals. We spend most of our time interacting with people.
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Person Perception and Interpersonal Attraction
We have already noted, achieving a sense of self is an important achievement.
A neonate may not be able to distinguish between self and others. Our self knowledge is peculiar in the sense that we are aware that we have a self.
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Man Environment Interaction
Environment is a very broad concept. Everything that affects us during our life- time is collectively known as environment. As human beings we are often concerned with surrounding conditions that affect people and other organisms.
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Psychotherapy
In the previous lesson, you were told about psychological disorders. Psychologists have tried to understand the causes of abnormal behaviour, and the best way to treat it.
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Health Psychology
In order to enjoy life one needs to be healthy. People who are not healthy are called sick. They cannot perform well and meet the various demands of life. Health is important for a person individually as well as socially.
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