Important Formulae of Mathematics for the CDS Exam I 2016
ARTHMETIC
•NUMBER SYSYTEM:
•Positive integers 1, 2, 3, 4, … are called natural numbers. Smallest natural number is 1 and there is no largest natural number. The set of natural numbers N is infinite.
•All natural numbers together with zero are whole numbers. 0 is the smallest whole number. The set of whole numbers W is infinite.
•Set of natural numbers is a subset of set of whole numbers, 0 being the exception
•Even numbers are divisible by 2 and the set of even numbers E includes 0. E={0, 2, 4, 6, …}.
•Odd numbers are not exactly divisible by 2. O = {1, 3, 5, 7….}
•Prime numbers are natural numbers having exact two distinct factors i.e. 1 and the number itself (2, 3, 5, 7, 11…). 2 is the smallest prime number.
•Natural numbers having more than 2 factors are called composite number. E.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, …
•1 is neither prime nor composite. All even numbers except 2 are composite.
•Co-prime or relatively prime numbers are two natural numbers that may not be prime numbers and that have only 1 as common factor. E.g. 8 and 9, 15 and 16, 26 and 33.
•Pairs of prime numbers which have only one composite number between them are called twin primes. E.g. 3,5; 5,7; 11,13
•The numbers which can be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q is not 0, are called rational number. The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.
•A number which cannot be expressed as terminating nor a non-terminating repeating decimal is called an irrational number.
•A pure recurring decimal is a decimal in which all the digits after the decimal point are repeated. Mixed recurring decimal is a decimal in which at least one digit after the decimal point is not repeated.
•Short cut method for converting pure recurring decimal to a rational number. Write the repeated digit or digits only once in the numerator and take as many nines in the denominator as there are repeating digits in the given number. For example, 0.33333 = 3/9 = 1/3 or 0.387387387 = 387/999
Short cut method for converting mixed recurring decimal to a rational number. Form a fraction in which the numerator is the difference between the number formed by all the digits after the decimal point taking the repeating digits only once and that formed by the digits which are not repeated and the denominator is the number formed by as many nines as there are repeated digits followed by as many zeros as there are non-repeated digits. e.g. 0.74353535 = 7435-74 / 9900 = 7361/9900 or 0.1272727 = 127 1/990 = 7/55
Speed Distance and Time
1.Speed = Distance/Time, Time = Distance/Speed, Distance = Speed * Time
2.Km/hr to m/sec conversion: x Km/hr = [x * (5/18)] m/sec
3.m/sec to Km/hr conversion: x m/sec = [x*(18/5)] Km/hr
4.Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x Km/hr and equal at y Km/hr then, the average speed during the whole journey is [2xy/(x+y)] Km/hr
Geometry:
1.Equal chords of circle subtends equal angle at center and vice versa. If AB =CD in figure then
2.Perpendicular from the center of the circle to a chord bisects the chord. If
3.Equal chords of the circle are equidistant from Center. If AB=BD then GE=EF
4.The angle subtended by an arc at the center is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle. In each case
5.The sum of the either pair of opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral is 180.a quadrilateral is cyclic if all the four vertices of it lie on a circle. Here
6.The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
7.The lengths of the tangents drawn from external point on circle are equal. Here PA=PB
AREA
VOLUME:
SURFACE AREA: 
Algebra
1. (a + b)(a – b) = (a2 – b2)
2. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
3. (a – b)2 = (a2 + b2 – 2ab)
4. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
5. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
6. (a3 – b3) = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
7. (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
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