The 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recognizes works of outstanding merit, which have opened fundamentally new ways of understanding health and disease. Contributions range from the discovery of insulin to the control of malaria, from one of history's first seminal insights into malaria transmission to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.
The list of winners chronicles and records these scientific breakthroughs in history, giving insight into the gradual development of the medical research sector. Article on Nobel Prize Winners in Physiology or Medicine A comprehensive list of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine contributions that have shaped global health. Here is the complete list of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to 2024:
| Year | Laureates | Contribution |
| 1901 | Emil Adolf von Behring (Germany) | Serum therapy for diphtheria |
| 1902 | Ronald Ross (UK) | Discovery of malaria transmission by mosquitoes |
| 1903 | Niels Ryberg Finsen (Denmark) | Treatment of diseases with concentrated light |
| 1904 | Ivan Pavlov (Russia) | Research on digestion physiology |
| 1905 | Robert Koch (Germany) | Discoveries in tuberculosis |
| 1906 | Camillo Golgi (Italy), Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spain) | Structure of the nervous system |
| 1907 | Alphonse Laveran (France) | Role of protozoa in diseases |
| 1908 | Paul Ehrlich (Germany), Élie Metchnikoff (Russia) | Immunity research |
| 1909 | Emil Theodor Kocher (Switzerland) | Thyroid gland research |
| 1910 | Albrecht Kossel (Germany) | Cellular chemistry research |
| 1911 | Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden) | Dioptrics of the eye |
| 1912 | Alexis Carrel (France) | Vascular suturing and organ transplantation |
| 1913 | Charles Richet (France) | Discovery of anaphylaxis |
| 1914 | Robert Bárány (Austria-Hungary) | Research on the vestibular apparatus |
| 1919 | Jules Bordet (Belgium) | Immunity factors in blood serum |
| 1920 | August Krogh (Denmark) | Capillary motor regulating mechanism |
| 1921 | Not awarded | |
| 1922 | Archibald Hill (UK), Otto Meyerhof (Germany) | Muscle heat production and lactic acid metabolism |
| 1923 | Frederick Banting, John Macleod (Canada, UK) | Discovery of insulin |
| 1924 | Willem Einthoven (Netherlands) | Mechanism of the electrocardiogram |
| 1925 | Not awarded | |
| 1926 | Johannes Fibiger (Denmark) | Discovery of Spiroptera carcinoma |
| 1927 | Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Austria) | Malaria inoculation for dementia treatment |
| 1928 | Charles Nicolle (France) | Work on typhus |
| 1929 | Christiaan Eijkman, Frederick Hopkins (Netherlands, UK) | Antineuritic vitamin discovery and growth-stimulating vitamins |
| 1930 | Karl Landsteiner (Austria) | Discovery of human blood groups |
| 1931 | Otto Warburg (Germany) | Nature and action of respiratory enzymes |
| 1932 | Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Adrian (UK) | Functions of neurons |
| 1933 | Thomas Hunt Morgan (USA) | Chromosomal inheritance research |
| 1934 | George Whipple, George Minot, William Murphy (USA) | Liver therapy for anemia treatment |
| 1935 | Hans Spemann (Germany) | Organizer effects in embryonic development |
| 1936 | Otto Loewi, Sir Henry Dale (Germany, UK) | Chemical transmission in nerve impulses |
| 1937 | Albert Szent-Györgyi (Hungary) | Vitamin C and biological oxidation research |
| 1938 | Corneille Heymans (Belgium) | Discoveries concerning the role of chemoreceptors in the carotid body |
| 2020 | Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton, Charles M. Rice (USA) | Discovery of Hepatitis C virus |
| 2021 | David Julius, Ardem Patapoutian (USA) | Receptors for temperature and touch |
| 2022 | Svante Pääbo (Sweden) | Genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution |
| 2023 | Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman (USA) | mRNA vaccine technology for COVID-19 |
| 2024 | Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun (USA) | Discovery of microRNA's role in gene regulation |
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine reflects the remarkable evolution of medical research over more than a century. Each laureate has made lasting contributions, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and improving health outcomes worldwide. Their discoveries continue to inspire future generations of scientists and medical professionals.
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