Class 11 2023-24 Biotechnology syllabus ISC: ISC stands for Indian School Certificate. It is one of the examinations managed by the CISCE board. Another one is the ICSE examinations. Classes 11 and 12 affiliated with CISCE come under the ISC curriculum. The subject list of ISC is diverse and narrows to different streams like science, commerce, art and humanities. Students of different streams focus on different subjects. CISCE releases certain regulations for ISC. It is better if you know them properly. Read the ISC regulations for a complete understanding.
Here in this article, we will be focusing on the detailed unit-wise syllabus of Biotechnology for Class 11 ISC students. This is one of the science subjects and has huge demand in the current scenario, especially after the entry of the pandemic. To check the list of topics covered in ISC Class 11 Biotechnology syllabus check the syllabus below.
The abbreviations used in Biotechnology are essential for subject understanding. Read the CISCE suggested abbreviations in this article.
ISC Biotechnology Syllabus Aims
1. To enable candidates to acquire the knowledge and develop an understanding of how materials are provided by biological agents to provide goods and services.
2. To appreciate the role played by biotechnology in improving health care for human beings.
3. To understand the interdisciplinary nature of this subject.
4. To create awareness about the appreciation of biological processes to industries.
5. To develop the ability to appreciate biological phenomena in nature and the contribution of biotechnology to human welfare.
6. To develop a scientific attitude towards biological phenomena.
ISC Class 11 Biotechnology Key Highlights
As per CISCE:
There will be two papers in the subject:
| Paper I: Theory | 3 hours | 70 marks |
| Paper II: Practical | 3 hours | 15 marks |
| Project Work | 10 marks | |
| Practical File | 5 marks | |
Under Paper I there will be a single paper of 3 Hours duration which further divide into:
| Part 1 (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus. | Part 2 (50 marks) will consist of eight questions out of which the candidates will be required to answer five questions. Each question in this part shall carry 10 marks. |
ISC Class 11 Biotechnology Syllabus 2023-24
| Paper I: Theory |
| 1. Introduction to Biotechnology |
| (i) Historical background; definition; a brief introduction of the traditional and modern techniques of Biotechnology and their applications. Definition of biotechnology by OECD and EFB; contributions of Karl Ereky and Louis Pasteur; use of various fermented products in ancient civilisations; Kitchen (traditional), the first biotechnological laboratory -reasoning behind the technology involved in simple biological products like curd and beer; names of microorganisms involved in their production. Application of these technologies for large-scale production, with special reference to fermentation (Beer production only). Quality control management of the products, good laboratory practices. (ii) Scope and importance of biotechnology: different branches of biotechnology and different regulatory guidelines; ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that a biotechnologist comes across while doing the work. Various organisations in the field of biotechnology. Names, definitions and importance of various fields that can be covered under biotechnology such as - agricultural/ plant biotechnology, animal biotechnology/medical biotechnology, nanobiotechnology, industrial biotechnology, immunology and health care, energy and environment. Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in biotechnology- concept of intellectual property, types of IPR and its need; intellectual property rights and the choice of intellectual property rights protection. Discovery and invention; Concept of patenting, trademark, trade secrets, copyright, geographical indications and PBRs and their need. Concept of ethical, legal and social issues with one common example IVF. Biosafety issues: release of genetically modified organisms into the environment and their impact; GEAC and its objectives. Biotechnology - global and Indian scenario. Various institutes, centres and funding agencies - NBTB, CCMB, ICGEB, ICMR, ICAR, DBT, DST which deal with biotechnology and bioinformatics in India: names only. (iii) Basic concepts of Biochemical technology and biostatistics: What does the biochemical technology mean? An understanding of various statistical methods involved in biotechnology. Concept of buffer, type and preparation of buffers, pH, physical variables; fermentation; An understanding of bioreactors, idea of sampling – quadrat and transect; measures of central tendency – mean, median, mode; standard deviation and standard error; concept of probability – theoretical and experimental. |
| 2. Cell Biology |
| (i) Cell: Justification of cell as a basic unit of life. Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell; A brief note on the cell components with special reference to nucleus. Various cytological techniques used in identifying the cell and chromosomes. Differentiation prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular systems. Structure of bacteria (in brief, with reference to plasmid). Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. An understanding of cell components, their basic structure and functions - cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuoles, plastids, lysosomes, nucleus and other important inclusions of the cell. Chromosomal structure and composition – organisation of chromatids, concept of homologous and non-homologous chromosomes, sister and non-sister chromatids, classification of chromosomes on the basis of position of the centromere on the chromosome, basic idea about telomere, chromatin and nucleosome. An idea about banding patterns (Q, R, C and G) and their application. Concept of chromosomal number in different species, e.g. man, mouse, Drosophila and pea. Techniques in cytology – microscopy (light and electron microscope), karyotyping and centrifugation (principle and applications only). (ii) Cell Division and cell cycle: types of cell divisions and various other activities of cell such as biochemical transformations. Types and significance of cell division and a brief note about the different stages of cell division – mitosis and meiosis. Basic concept of cell cycle and cell cycle regulation – CdK method only, definition of Mitotic Index. Biochemical Transformations: An understanding of biochemical transformations, different biochemical pathways involved in respiration - aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, Krebs’ cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration - lactic acid, fermentation and alcohol fermentation – definition only. (iii) Errors in cell division: what happens if the cell does not divide normally? An understanding of different numerical and structural abnormalities. Concept of mutation: causes; types –somatic, germinal, spontaneous, induced, gene, chromosomal and genomatic mutations, euploidy, aneuploidy, monosomy, nullisomy, trisomy and tetrasomy; various factors causing mutations. Concept of non-disjunction: meiotic non-disjunction and mitotic non-disjunction. Non-disjunction in sex chromosomes – Turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome - chromosomal composition and symptoms only. Numerical chromosomal aberrations with respect to autosomes, i.e. Down’s syndrome –chromosomal composition and symptoms only. Structural chromosomal abnormalities – deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions. Polyploidy and its significance in plants. Inborn errors of metabolism - basic concept and examples like albinism, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria and alkaptonuria. |
| 3. Biomolecules and related techniques |
| (i) Introduction to biomolecules- definition and types. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and enzymes – their structure and properties. Biomolecules – definition and types Structure and functions of carbohydrates. Sugars and derivatives; classification of some important mono, di and polysaccharides - glucose, fructose, glycogen, cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan. Physical and chemical properties of sugars. Structure, functions and classification of proteins i.e. simple, complex and derived; building blocks of proteins - the amino acids: chemical structure, types (acidic, basic and neutral); physical and chemical properties of amino acids. 3D - structure of proteins. Different types of protein structures - primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet and random structures), tertiary, quaternary; protein sequencing by MALDI-MS. Structure and functions of lipids – fatty acids and alcohol; types (simple, conjugated and derived lipids with one example of each); chemical and physical properties of lipids. Vitamins: Definition, types (fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins); co-enzyme forms of water-soluble vitamins; deficiency diseases of vitamins. Enzymes: Structure and functions of enzymes: chemical nature of enzymes; characteristics and properties of enzymes. An understanding of enzyme activity on the basis of activation energy; mechanism of enzyme action - lock and key model; induced fit hypothesis; factors affecting enzyme activity (temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, inhibitors (competitive, noncompetitive). Optical activity of biomolecules (dextrorotatory and laevorotatory). Concept of supramolecular assembly (ii) Techniques used for separation of biomolecules. Ion exchange chromatography and paper chromatography |
| 4. Developmental Biology and Immunology |
| (i) Animal and plant development: development of an organism from zygotic cell in both plants and animals. Animal development – fertilisation, zygote to blastocyst formation. Plant development. Double fertilisation including formation of primary endosperm nucleus. (ii) An understanding of defence strategies in living organisms. Immune system in higher animals, concept of immunity, immunisation, antigen and antibody. Various cells involved in immune response in humans. An introduction to human leukocyte antigens with reference to organ transplantation; Types of immunity - innate and acquired. ELISA Technique (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay). Secondary metabolites in plants and their significance Defence strategies in bacteria – endospores and R plasmids. |
| 5. Genetics |
| (i) Laws of Inheritance: An account of Mendel’s experiments. Different types of genetic inheritance. Mendel’s experiment on pea plant and his laws of inheritance. Concept of trait, gene, allele, phenotype, genotype, homozygosity, heterozygosity and hemizygosity. Types of inheritance: autosomal inheritance - dominant, codominant, recessive, polygenic, pleiotropic and cytoplasmic inheritance (plastidial inheritance). Pedigree construction using different standard symbols. Sex chromosome inheritance - with special reference to X chromosomal inheritance with suitable examples (colour blindness and haemophilia). (ii) Gene Mapping: mapping of genes on chromosomes using linkage analysis. Cancer and its genetics. Mapping of genes on chromosomes with respect to COV (Crossing Over Value). Basic concept of linkage (types not required) and crossing over. Genetic recombination. Cancer: Causes (physical, chemical, biological – TSG and oncogenes); diagnosis and treatment. (iii) Genes in populations: how do genes behave in populations from generation to generation? Various ways of studying population genetics. Concept of gene pool and allele frequency, definition of Hardy Weinberg law, its applications. Possibility of disease-resistant and susceptible genes in population. Definition and application of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. |
| PAPER II- Practical |
| PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks |
| Candidates are required to complete the following experiments. 1. Determination of blood group by using antisera. The students can perform this experiment on their own blood groups. Proper instructions however are to be given for ‘prick’ – e.g. (a) Sterilize finger with alcohol/disinfectant. (b) Use only disposable sterile needle. (c) Use the needle only once and destroy it. (d) Do not prick or use blood drop in an indiscriminatory way. 2. Identification of different types of blood cells by preparing blood smear using Leishmann’s stain. Requirements: Blood sample, disposable needles, slides, Leishmann’s stain. Make a blood smear on a slide, use the stain to colour the smear, wash and observe under microscope. 3. Instruments – their names, use and principles (if applicable). Water bath, pH meter, weighing balance, desiccators, microfiltration unit, magnetic stirrer, LAF, haemocytometer, micropipette, vortex mixer, colorimeter/spectrophotometer, hot air oven, autoclave, incubator, electrophoresis chamber, colony counter, autoclave, hot plate. 4. Finding out the pH of water by using pH meter or pH paper on tap water and water containing acid, base. Take tap water in three test tubes, add two drops of dil. HCl in one, two drops of NaOH in the second while leaving the third test tube with tap water. Use pH meter or pH paper to find their specific pH. 5. Observation of steps of mitosis by using the root tip of onion. The students should be given practice in preparing slides for study of mitosis by crush smear method. They should be able to identify different stages (at least four stages). The requirement for this set of experiments is Acetocarmine stain slides, coverslips, microscopes and spirit-lamp. 6. Measurement of mitotic index. Mitotic index is the ratio of number of cells undergoing mitosis to the number of cells in the field. MI = No. of cells showing mitosis/Total no. of cells in the field 7. Observation of various stages of meiosis under microscope. For the study of meiosis, the students should be shown permanent slides of meiosis and they should be able to identify at least six stages of meiosis from the slides. 8. Effect of temperature on curdling of milk by using Lactobacillus bacteria at 37o C, 60o oC and 10o oC. Optimum temperature for curdling of milk is 37o C due to active form of bacteria at this temperature; it is inactive at low temperature and dies at high temperature. 9. Food tests: (i) Carbohydrates – starch by iodine solution turning blue-black in colour. Reducing and non-reducing sugars by using Fehling’s solution / Benedict’s solution – reducing the cupric ion (blue) to cuprous ion (red). (ii) Protein test – Biuret test, Xanthoproteic and Millon’s test (a) For Biuret test –The protein produces deep blue–violet colour due to the involvement of cupric ion in the product formed. (b) For Millon’s Reagent – A pinkish-red colour is observed with mercuric chloride. (c) For Xanthoproteic Test: When concentrated nitric acid is boiled with protein a yellow colour is observed. On addition of ammonium hydroxide or liquor ammonia orange-yellow precipitate is obtained. (iii)Lipids – Sudan III, Acrolein test, paper test (a) Sudan III is a red fat-soluble dye used for identification of the presence of lipids, triglycerides and lipoproteins. It reacts with the lipids or triglycerides and gives red colour. (b) Acrolein test is used to detect fat. When fat is heated strongly in the presence of potassium bisulphate/ sodium bisulphate (KHSO4/NaHSO4) that acts as a dehydrating agent, the glycerol is dehydrated to form an unsaturated aldehyde called acrolein that gives a pungent and irritating odour. 10. Finding out the purity of milk by using lactometer. Put the instrument in milk. If it sinks down and reaches the mark ‘M’ mentioned on lactometer, it means that the milk is pure or if not, it means that the milk is impure. If the milk is mixed with water, it would sink higher than mark ‘M’. If it stands at the mark 3 it means that the milk is 75% pure and respectively 2 for 50% purity and 1 for 25% purity. 11. Construction of pedigree showing different types of inheritance. The students are to observe the traits like, rolling of the tongue/ attached earlobe/ widow’s peak. 12. Preparation of karyotypes. Demonstration of any metaphasic plate of mitosis. 13. Sampling methods – quadrat and transect by using different techniques. To be done in groups. Use yellow and green pea seeds. Make a quadrat (30 cm X 30 cm) with blocks of 6 cm X 6 cm. Spread the seeds randomly on the tabletop. Put the quadrat and count the number of yellow and green peas per block; find the frequency of each type of pea seed. 14. Data collection – primary and secondary. Collect any type of primary data and secondary data, tabulate the data and draw conclusions. |
| PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE – 15 marks |
| Project Work – 10 Mark |
| Candidates are to creatively execute one project/assignment on any aspect of Biotechnology. Teachers may assign or students may choose any one project of their choice. The report should be kept simple, but neat and elegant. |
| Practical File – 5 Marks |
| Teachers are required to assess students on the basis of the practical file maintained by them during the academic year. |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |
| 1. CCMB:Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology 2. CdK: Cyclin dependent Kinase 3. COV: Cross Over Value 4. CSIR: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 5. DBT: Department of Biotechnology 6. DST: Department of Science and Technology 7. EFB: European Federation of Biotechnology 8. ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay 9. ELSI: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues 10. ETS/ETC: Electron Transport System / Electron Transport Cycle 11. FMN/FAD: Flavin Mono Nucleotide / Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide 12. GEAC: Genetic Engineering Approval Committee 13. HLA: Human Leucocyte – associated Antigen 14. ICAR: Indian Council for Agricultural Research 15. ICGEB: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 16. ICMR: Indian Council for Medical Research 17. IEF : Iso Electro Focussing 18. IPP: Intellectual Property Right Protection Act 19. IPR: Intellectual Property Right 20. IVF: In–Vitro Fertilization 21. MALDI-MS: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization – Mass Spectrometry 22. MI: Mitotic Index 23. NADPH/NADP: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (reduced) / Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate 24. NBTB: National Biotechnology Board 25. OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 26. PBR: Plant Breeder’s Right 27. TPP: Thiamine Pyrophosphate 28. TSG: Tumour Suppressor Gene |
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