Punjab Board PSEB 12th Computer Application Syllabus 2025-26: Download FREE PDF

Unit I: Networking and Internet:

Introduction to Computer Networks: 

Network Concept, Types of Networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), Networking Topologies (Bus, Star, Ring, Tree, Mesh)  

Transmission Media: Guided (Wired) Communication Media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fibre-optic cable), Un-Guided (Wireless) Media (Radio waves, Micro waves, Infrared Waves)  

Network Devices: Modem, Network Interface Card (NIC), RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway  

Network Protocol: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, ARP, RDP, IMAP 

Internet Concepts: WWW, Domain Names, URL, Website, Web Browser, Web Servers, Web Hosting, Concept of a Client and Server, New Technologies such as Cloud and IoT

Unit II: Cyber Laws and Ethics:  

Cyber-Crime: Definition, Hacking, Spying (Eavesdropping), Phishing and Fraud Emails, Ransomware, Preventing Cyber Crime  

Cyber Safety: Safely Browsing the Web, Identity Protection, Confidentiality, Cyber Trolls and Bullying  

Safely Accessing Web Sites: Adware, Malware, Viruses, Trojans, Phishing and Identity Verification  

CIA Triad  

Cyber Ethics  

E-Waste Management: Proper disposal of used Electronic Gadgets, 

IT Act: Indian Information Technology Act (IT Act) 2000

Unit III: Database Management System  

Database concepts: Introduction to Data, Information, Database and its needs, Traditional File System v/s Database System  

Data Models: Introduction, Hierarchical Data Model, Network Data Model, Relational Data Model  

Introduction to DBMS: DBMS, Components of DBMS  

Relational Data Model: Relation, Attribute, Tuple, Domain, Degree, Cardinality, Keys (Candidate Key, Primary Key, Alternate Key, Foreign Key)  

Normalization: Anomalies in Unnormalized Database, Dependencies, Normal Forms, 1NF, 2NF, 3NF  

MySQL: Introduction to MySQL, Data Types, Data Definition: CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE; Data Query: SELECT, FROM, WHERE; Data Manipulation: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE; Using Inbuilt Functions such as: Math functions, Text functions etc; Querying and manipulating data using Group by, Having, Order by.

Unit IV: Software Engineering: 

 Software and Software Engineering: Approach 

 Software Development Life Cycle: SDLC and Its Phases  

Software Development Process Models: Waterfall, Prototyping 

Unit V: Introduction to Python: 

Introduction to Python: Python and its features 

Setting up Python: System Requirements for Python, Downloading and Installing Python, Intro to Python IDE, Executing a Simple "hello world" Program  

Basic concepts for Python Programming: Python Character Set, Python Tokens (Keyword, Identifier, Literal, Operator, Punctuator), Variables, Concept of L-Value and R-Value, Use of Comments

Unit VI: Data Types, Operators and Expression in Python:  

Data Types: Number (Integer, Floating Point, Complex), Boolean, Sequence (String, List, Tuple), None, Mapping (Dictionary), Mutable and Immutable Data Types  Operators: Arithmetic Operators, Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Assignment Operator, Augmented Assignment Operators, Identity Operators (is, is not), Membership Operators (in, not in)  

Expressions, Statement, Type Conversion & Input/Output: Precedence of Operators, Expression, Evaluation of Expression, Python Statement, Type Conversion (Explicit & Implicit Conversion), Accepting Data as Input from the Console and Displaying Output 

Unit VII: Control Statements in Python:  

Introduction: Use of Indentation, Sequential Flow, Conditional and Iterative Flow control  

Conditional Statements: if, if-else, if-elif-else, Flowcharts, Simple Programs: e.g.: absolute value, largest of 2 and 3 numbers, finding divisibility of numbers etc 

Iterative Statements: for loop, Range Function, while loop, Flowcharts, break and continue statements, nested loops, Suggested Programs: Generating Pattern, Summation of series, Finding the Factorial of a positive number etc

Unit VIII: Strings in Python:  

Introduction: Indexing, String Operations (Concatenation, Repetition, Membership & Slicing)  

Built-In Functions: len(), capitalize(), title(), lower(), upper(), count(), find(), index(), endswith(), startswith(), isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), islower(), isupper(), isspace(), lstrip(), rstrip(), strip(), replace(), join(), partition(), split()

Unit IX: Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries in Python: 

Lists: Introduction, indexing, list operations (concatenation, repetition, membership & slicing), traversing a list using loops, builtin functions: len(), list(), append(), extend(), insert(), count(), index(), remove(), pop(), reverse(), sort(), sorted(), min(), max(), sum(); nested lists  

Tuples: Introduction, indexing, tuple operations (concatenation, repetition, membership & slicing), built-in functions: len(), tuple(), count(), index(), sorted(), min(), max(), sum(); tuple assignment, nested tuple  

Dictionary: Introduction, accessing items in a dictionary using keys, mutability of dictionary (adding a new item, modifying an existing item), traversing a dictionary, built-in functions: len(), dict(), keys(), values(), items(), get(), update(), del(), clear(), fromkeys(), copy(), pop(), popitem(), setdefault(), max(), min(), count(), sorted(), copy()