CBSE Syllabus 2025 Economics for Class 12: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has published the updated Class 12 syllabus for the 2025-26 academic year. This syllabus, available as free PDFs on the official CBSE Academic website (cbseacademic.nic.in), provides a crucial framework for students and teachers. It details the course structure, content organization, and chapter-wise weightage for the upcoming 2026 board examinations. Access to the latest syllabus at the beginning of the academic session helps in effective preparation. The CBSE Class 12 Economics syllabus for 2025-26 is readily available for download.
Check: CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26
CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26: Marks Distribution
Section | Topic | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| Theory | 80 | |
| Duration | 3 Hours | |
| Project | 20 | |
| Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics | ||
| National Income and Related Aggregates | 10 | |
| Money and Banking | 06 | |
| Determination of Income and Employment | 12 | |
| Government Budget and the Economy | 06 | |
| Balance of Payments | 06 | |
| Total Part A | 40 | |
| Part B: Indian Economic Development | ||
| Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991 | 12 | |
| Current Challenges facing Indian Economy | 20 | |
| Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours | 08 | |
| Total Part B | 40 | |
| Theory Paper (Part A + Part B) | 80 | |
| Part C: Project Work | 20 |
Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics
Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates
What is Macroeconomics?
Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods,
intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.
Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income -
Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.
Aggregates related to National Income:
Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and
Nominal GDP
GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare
Unit 2: Money and Banking
Money – meaning and functions, supply of money - Currency held by the public and
net demand deposits held by commercial banks.
Money creation by the commercial banking system.
Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue,
Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio
(CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open
Market Operations, Margin requirement.
Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment
Aggregate demand and its components.
Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).
Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.
Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.
Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them -
changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.
Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy
Government budget - meaning, objectives and components.
Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts;
Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.
Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.
Unit 5: Balance of Payments
Balance of payments account - meaning and components;
Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit
Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.
Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and
fixed exchange rate.
Managed Floating exchange rate system
Part B: Indian Economic Development
Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991:
A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence.
Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.
Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new
agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.
Economic Reforms since 1991:
Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy);
Concepts of demonetization and GST
Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy
Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in
economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India
Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives;
agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming
Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and
informal sectors; problems and policies
Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on
Resources and Environment, including global warming
Unit 8: Development Experience of India:
A comparison with neighbours
India and Pakistan
India and China
Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human
Development Indicators
Part C: Project in Economics
Prescribed Books:
1. Statistics for Economics, NCERT
2. Indian Economic Development, NCERT
3. Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT
4. Macroeconomics, NCERT
5. Supplementary Reading Material in Economics, CBSE
Note: The above publications are also available in Hindi Medium.
To downoad complete NCC class 10 syllabus for the academic yearf 2025-26. Studnts can click on the below mentioned link and download the full PDF for free.
CBSE Class 10 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 Downlaod PDF |
The CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus for 2025-26 provides a clear roadmap for students preparing for their 2026 board exams. The detailed syllabus helps in understanding the course structure, subject-wise weightage, and chapter-wise breakdown, facilitating a well-organized study plan and successful academic outcomes.
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