CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus for Board Exam 2025: Download PDF 

Units

Marks

Periods

Part A

Introductory Macroeconomics

National Income and Related Aggregates

10

30

Money and Banking

06

15

Determination of Income and Employment

12

30

Government Budget and the Economy

06

17

Balance of Payments

06

18

40

Part B

Indian Economic Development

Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991

12

28

Current Challenges facing Indian Economy

20

50

Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours

08

12

Theory Paper (40+40 = 80 Marks)

40

Total

80

200

Part C

Project Work

20

20

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates (30 Periods)

What is Macroeconomics?

Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income - Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

Aggregates related to National Income:

Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP

GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare

Unit 2: Money and Banking (15 Periods)

Money – meaning and functions, supply of money - Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, and Margin requirement.

Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment (30 Periods)

Aggregate demand and its components.

Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal). Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them - changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy (17 Periods)

Government budget - meaning, objectives and components. Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts;

Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.

Unit 5: Balance of Payments (18 Periods)

Balance of payments account - meaning and components; Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit

Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating. Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate.

Managed Floating exchange rate system

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991: (28 Periods)

A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural

strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.

Economic Reforms since 1991:

Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST

Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy (60 Periods)

Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India

Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming

Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation  rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies

Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

Unit 8: Development Experience of India: (12 Periods)

A comparison with neighbours India and Pakistan

India and China

Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators

Part C: Project in Economics (20 Periods)

Download CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-2025 PDF

SN

Typology of Questions

Marks

Percentage

1

Remembering and Understanding:

Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.

Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas

44

55%

2

Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way.

18

22.5%

3

Analysing, Evaluating and Creating:

Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations.

Present and defend opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria.

Compile information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions.

18

22.5%

Total

80

100%

S. No.

Heading

Marks Allotted

1.

Relevance of the topic

3

2.

Knowledge Content/Research Work

6

3.

Presentation Technique

3

4.

Viva-voce

8

Total

20 Marks

Class XII

· Micro and Small Scale Industries

· Food Supply Channel in India

· Contemporary Employment situation in India

· Disinvestment policy of the government

· Goods and Services Tax Act and its Impact on GDP

· Health Expenditure (of any state)

· Human Development Index

· Inclusive Growth Strategy

· Self-help group

· Trends in Credit availability in India

· Monetary Policy Committee and its functions

· Role of RBI in Control of Credit

· Government Budget & its Components

· Trends in budgetary condition of India

· Exchange Rate determination – Methods and Techniques

· Currency War – reasons and repercussions

· Livestock – Backbone of Rural India

· Alternate fuel – types and importance

· Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – Cost Ratio Benefits

· Golden Quadrilateral- Cost ratio benefit

· Minimum Support Prices

· Relation between Stock Price Index and Economic Health of a Nation

· Waste Management in India – Need of the hour

· Minimum Wage Rate – Approach and Application

· Digital India- Step towards the future

· Rain Water Harvesting – A solution to water crisis

· Vertical Farming – An alternate way

· Silk Route- Revival of the past

· Make in India – The way ahead

· Bumper Production- Boon or Bane for the farmer

· Rise of Concrete Jungle- Trend Analysis

· Organic Farming – Back to the Nature

· Aatmanirbhar Bharat

· e-Rupee (e- ₹)

· Sri Lanka’s Economic Crisis

· Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)

· Environmental Crisis

· Comparative Study of Economies (Maximum three economies)

· New Education Policy (NEP) 2020: A Promise for a New Education System

· G-20: Inclusive and Action Oriented

· Amrit Kaal: Empowered and Inclusive Economy

· Cashless Economy

· Any other newspaper article and its evaluation on basis of economic principles

· Any other topic